Antiquities of the Jews — Book 15, Chapter 7

1. However, when he came into his kingdom again, he found his house all
in disorder, and his wife Mariamne and her mother Alexandra very uneasy;
for as they supposed [what was easy to be supposed] that they were not
put into that fortress [Alexandrium] for the security of their persons,
but as into a garrison for their imprisonment, and that they had no
power over any thing, either of others or of their own affairs, they
were very uneasy; and Mariamne supposing that the king's love to her was
but hypocritical, and rather pretended [as advantageous to himself] than
real, she looked upon it as fallacious. She also was grieved that he
would not allow her any hopes of surviving him, if he should come to any
harm himself. She also recollected what commands he had formerly given
to Joseph, insomuch that she endeavored to please her keepers, and
especially Sohemus, as well apprized how all was in his power. And at
the first Sohemus was faithful to Herod, and neglected none of the
things he had given him in charge; but when the women, by kind words and
liberal presents, had gained his affections over to them, he was by
degrees overcome, and at length discovered to them all the king's
injunctions, and this on that account principally, that he did not so
much as hope he would come back with the same authority he had before;
so that he thought he should both escape any danger from him, and
supposed that he did hereby much gratify the women, who were likely not
to be overlooked in the settling of the government; nay, that they would
be able to make him abundant recompense, since they must either reign
themselves, or be very near to him that should reign. He had a further
ground of hope also, that though Herod should have all the success he
could wish for, and should return again, he could not contradict his
wife in what she desired, for he knew that the king's fondness for his
wife was inexpressible. These were the motives that drew Sohemus to
discover what injunctions had been given him. So Mariamne was greatly
displeased to hear that there was no end of the dangers she was under
from Herod, and was greatly uneasy at it, and wished that he might
obtain no favors [from Cæsar], and esteemed it almost an insupportable
task to live with him any longer; and this she afterward openly
declared, without concealing her resentment.

2. And now Herod sailed home with joy, at the unexpected good success he
had had; and went first of all, as was proper, to this his wife, and
told her, and her only, the good news, as preferring her before the
rest, on account of his fondness for her, and the intimacy there had
been between them, and saluted her; but so it happened, that as he told
her of the good success he had had, she was so far from rejoicing at it,
that she rather was sorry for it; nor was she able to conceal her
resentments, but, depending on her dignity, and the nobility of her
birth, in return for his salutations, she gave a groan, and declared
evidently that she rather grieved than rejoiced at his success, and this
till Herod was disturbed at her, as affording him, not only marks of her
suspicion, but evident signs of her dissatisfaction. This much troubled
him, to see that this surprising hatred of his wife to him was not
concealed, but open; and he took this so ill, and yet was so unable to
bear it, on account of the fondness he had for her, that he could not
continue long in any one mind, but sometimes was angry at her, and
sometimes reconciled himself to her; but by always changing one passion
for another, he was still in great uncertainty, and thus was he
entangled between hatred and love, and was frequently disposed to
inflict punishment on her for her insolence towards him; but being
deeply in love with her in his soul, he was not able to get quit of this
woman. In short, as he would gladly have her punished, so was he afraid
lest, ere he were aware, he should, by putting her to death, bring a
heavier punishment upon himself at the same time.

3. When Herod's sister and mother perceived that he was in this temper
with regard to Mariamne they thought they had now got an excellent
opportunity to exercise their hatred against her and provoked Herod to
wrath by telling him, such long stories and calumnies about her, as
might at once excite his hatred and his jealousy. Now, though he
willingly enough heard their words, yet had not he courage enough to do
any thing to her as if he believed them; but still he became worse and
worse disposed to her, and these ill passions were more and more
inflamed on both sides, while she did not hide her disposition towards
him, and he turned his love to her into wrath against her. But when he
was just going to put this matter past all remedy, he heard the news
that Cæsar was the victor in the war, and that Antony and Cleopatra were
both dead, and that he had conquered Egypt; whereupon he made haste to
go to meet Cæsar, and left the affairs of his family in their present
state. However, Mariamne recommended Sohemus to him, as he was setting
out on his journey, and professed that she owed him thanks for the care
he had taken of her, and asked of the king for him a place in the
government; upon which an honorable employment was bestowed upon him
accordingly. Now when Herod was come into Egypt, he was introduced to
Cæsar with great freedom, as already a friend of his, and received very
great favors from him; for he made him a present of those four hundred
Galatians who had been Cleopatra's guards, and restored that country to
him again, which, by her means, had been taken away from him. He also
added to his kingdom Gadara, Hippos, and Samaria; and, besides those,
the maritime cities, Gaza, and Anthedon, and Joppa, and Strato's Tower.

4. Upon these new acquisitions, he grew more magnificent, and conducted
Cæsar as far as Antioch; but upon his return, as much as his prosperity
was augmented by the foreign additions that had been made him, so much
the greater were the distresses that came upon him in his own family,
and chiefly in the affair of his wife, wherein he formerly appeared to
have been most of all fortunate; for the affection he had for Mariamne
was no way inferior to the affections of such as are on that account
celebrated in history, and this very justly. As for her, she was in
other respects a chaste woman, and faithful to him; yet had she somewhat
of a woman rough by nature, and treated her husband imperiously enough,
because she saw he was so fond of her as to be enslaved to her. She did
not also consider seasonably with herself that she lived under a
monarchy, and that she was at another's disposal, and accordingly would
behave herself after a saucy manner to him, which yet he usually put off
in a jesting way, and bore with moderation and good temper. She would
also expose his mother and his sister openly, on account of the meanness
of their birth, and would speak unkindly of them, insomuch that there
was before this a disagreement and unpardonable hatred among the women,
and it was now come to greater reproaches of one another than formerly,
which suspicions increased, and lasted a whole year after Herod returned
from Cæsar. However, these misfortunes, which had been kept under some
decency for a great while, burst out all at once upon such an occasion
as was now offered; for as the king was one day about noon lain down on
his bed to rest him, he called for Mariamne, out of the great affection
he had always for her. She came in accordingly, but would not lie down
by him; and when he was very desirous of her company, she showed her
contempt of him; and added, by way of reproach, that he had caused her
father and her brother to be slain. 11 And when he took this injury very
unkindly, and was ready to use violence to her, in a precipitate manner,
the king's sister Salome, observing that he was more than ordinarily
disturbed, sent in to the king his cup-bearer, who had been prepared
long beforehand for such a design, and bid him tell the king how
Mariamne had persuaded him to give his assistance in preparing a love
potion for him; and if he appeared to be greatly concerned, and to ask
what that love potion was, to tell him that she had the potion, and that
he was desired only to give it him; but that in case he did not appear
to be much concerned at this potion, to let the thing drop; and that if
he did so, no harm should thereby come to him. When she had given him
these instructions, she sent him in at this time to make such a speech.
So he went in, after a composed manner, to gain credit to what he should
say, and yet somewhat hastily, and said that Mariamne had given him
presents, and persuaded him to give him a love potion. And when this
moved the king, he said that this love potion was a composition that she
had given him, whose effects he did not know, which was the reason of
his resolving to give him this information, as the safest course he
could take, both for himself and for the king. When Herod heard what he
said, and was in an ill disposition before, his indignation grew more
violent; and he ordered that eunuch of Mariamne, who was most faithful
to her, to be brought to torture about this potion, as well knowing it
was not possible that any thing small or great could be done without
him. And when the man was under the utmost agonies, he could say nothing
concerning the thing he was tortured about, but so far he knew, that
Mariamne's hatred against him was occasioned by somewhat that Sohemus
had said to her. Now as he was saying this, Herod cried out aloud, and
said that Sohemus, who had been at all other times most faithful to him,
and to his government, would not have betrayed what injunctions he had
given him, unless he had had a nearer conversation than ordinary with
Mariamne. So he gave order that Sohemus should be seized on and slain
immediately; but he allowed his wife to take her trial; and got together
those that were most faithful to him, and laid an elaborate accusation
against her for this love potion and composition, which had been charged
upon her by way of calumny only. However, he kept no temper in what he
said, and was in too great a passion for judging well about this matter.
Accordingly, when the court was at length satisfied that he was so
resolved, they passed the sentence of death upon her; but when the
sentence was passed upon her, this temper was suggested by himself, and
by some others of the court, that she should not be thus hastily put to
death, but be laid in prison in one of the fortresses belonging to the
kingdom: but Salome and her party labored hard to have the woman put to
death; and they prevailed with the king to do so, and advised this out
of caution, lest the multitude should be tumultuous if she were suffered
to live; and thus was Mariamne led to execution.

5. When Alexandra observed how things went, and that there were small
hopes that she herself should escape the like treatment from Herod, she
changed her behavior to quite the reverse of what might have been
expected from her former boldness, and this after a very indecent
manner; for out of her desire to show how entirely ignorant she was of
the crimes laid against Mariamne, she leaped out of her place, and
reproached her daughter in the hearing of all the people; and cried out
that she had been an ill woman, and ungrateful to her husband, and that
her punishment came justly upon her for such her insolent behavior, for
that she had not made proper returns to him who had been their common
benefactor. And when she had for some time acted after this hypocritical
manner, and been so outrageous as to tear her hair, this indecent and
dissembling behavior, as was to be expected, was greatly condemned by
the rest of the spectators, as it was principally by the poor woman who
was to suffer; for at the first she gave her not a word, nor was
discomposed at her peevishness, and only looked at her, yet did she out
of a greatness of soul discover her concern for her mother's offense,
and especially for her exposing herself in a manner so unbecoming her;
but as for herself, she went to her death with an unshaken firmness of
mind, and without changing the color of her face, and thereby evidently
discovered the nobility of her descent to the spectators, even in the
last moments of her life.

6. And thus died Mariamne, a woman of an excellent character, both for
chastity and greatness of soul; but she wanted moderation, and had too
much of contention in her nature; yet had she all that can be said in
the beauty of her body, and her majestic appearance in conversation; and
thence arose the greatest part of the occasions why she did not prove so
agreeable to the king, nor live so pleasantly with him, as she might
otherwise have done; for while she was most indulgently used by the
king, out of his fondness for her, and did not expect that he could do
any hard thing to her, she took too unbounded a liberty. Moreover, that
which most afflicted her was, what he had done to her relations, and she
ventured to speak of all they had suffered by him, and at last greatly
provoked both the king's mother and sister, till they became enemies to
her; and even he himself also did the same, on whom alone she depended
for her expectations of escaping the last of punishments.

7. But when she was once dead, the king's affections for her were
kindled in a more outrageous manner than before, whose old passion for
her we have already described; for his love to her was not of a calm
nature, nor such as we usually meet with among other husbands; for at
its commencement it was of an enthusiastic kind, nor was it by their
long cohabitation and free conversation together brought under his power
to manage; but at this time his love to Mariamne seemed to seize him in
such a peculiar manner, as looked like Divine vengeance upon him for the
taking away her life; for he would frequently call for her, and
frequently lament for her in a most indecent manner. Moreover, he
bethought him of every thing he could make use of to divert his mind
from thinking of her, and contrived feasts and assemblies for that
purpose, but nothing would suffice; he therefore laid aside the
administration of public affairs, and was so far conquered by his
passion, that he would order his servants to call for Mariamne, as if
she were still alive, and could still hear them. And when he was in this
way, there arose a pestilential disease, and carried off the greatest
part of the multitude, and of his best and most esteemed friends, and
made all men suspect that this was brought upon them by the anger of
God, for the injustice that had been done to Mariamne. This circumstance
affected the king still more, till at length he forced himself to go
into desert places, and there, under pretense of going a hunting,
bitterly afflicted himself; yet had he not borne his grief there many
days before he fell into a most dangerous distemper himself: he had an
inflammation upon him, and a pain in the hinder part of his head, joined
with madness; and for the remedies that were used, they did him no good
at all, but proved contrary to his case, and so at length brought him to
despair. All the physicians also that were about him, partly because the
medicines they brought for his recovery could not at all conquer the
disease, and partly because his diet could be no other than what his
disease inclined him to, desired him to eat whatever he had a mind to,
and so left the small hopes they had of his recovery in the power of
that diet, and committed him to fortune. And thus did his distemper go
on, while he was at Samaria, now called Sebaste.

8. Now Alexandra abode at this time at Jerusalem; and being informed
what condition Herod was in, she endeavored to get possession of the
fortified places that were about the city, which were two, the one
belonging to the city itself, the other belonging to the temple; and
those that could get them into their hands had the whole nation under
their power, for without the command of them it was not possible to
offer their sacrifices; and to think of leaving on those sacrifices is
to every Jew plainly impossible, who are still more ready to lose their
lives than to leave off that Divine worship which they have been wont to
pay unto God. Alexandra, therefore, discoursed with those that had the
keeping of these strong holds, that it was proper for them to deliver
the same to her, and to Herod's sons, lest, upon his death, any other
person should seize upon the government; and that upon his recovery none
could keep them more safely for him than those of his own family. These
words were not by them at all taken in good part; and as they had been
in former times faithful [to Herod], they resolved to continue so more
than ever, both because they hated Alexandra, and because they thought
it a sort of impiety to despair of Herod's recovery while he was yet
alive, for they had been his old friends; and one of them, whose name
was Achiabus, was his cousin-german. They sent messengers therefore to
acquaint him with Alexandra's design; so he made no longer delay, but
gave orders to have her slain; yet was it still with difficulty, and
after he had endured great pain, that he got clear of his distemper. He
was still sorely afflicted, both in mind and body, and made very uneasy,
and readier than ever upon all occasions to inflict punishment upon
those that fell under his hand. He also slew the most intimate of his
friends, Costobarus, and Lysimachus, and Cadias, who was also called
Antipater; as also Dositheus, and that upon the following occasion.

9. Costobarus was an Idumean by birth, and one of principal dignity
among them, and one whose ancestors had been priests to the Koze, whom
the Idumeans had [formerly] esteemed as a god; but after Hyrcanus had
made a change in their political government, and made them receive the
Jewish customs and law, Herod made Costobarus governor of Idumea and
Gaza, and gave him his sister Salome to wife; and this was upon the
slaughter of [his uncle] Joseph, who had that government before, as we
have related already. When Costobarus had gotten to be so highly
advanced, it pleased him and was more than he hoped for, and he was more
and more puffed up by his good success, and in a little while he
exceeded all bounds, and did not think fit to obey what Herod, as their
ruler, commanded him, or that the Idumeans should make use of the Jewish
customs, or be subject to them. He therefore sent to Cleopatra, and
informed her that the Idumeans had been always under his progenitors,
and that for the same reason it was but just that she should desire that
country for him of Antony, for that he was ready to transfer his
friendship to her; and this he did, not because he was better pleased to
be under Cleopatra's government, but because he thought that, upon the
diminution of Herod's power, it would not be difficult for him to obtain
himself the entire government over the Idumeans, and somewhat more also;
for he raised his hopes still higher, as having no small pretenses, both
by his birth and by these riches which he had gotten by his constant
attention to filthy lucre; and accordingly it was not a small matter
that he aimed at. So Cleopatra desired this country of Antony, but
failed of her purpose. An account of this was brought to Herod, who was
thereupon ready to kill Costobarus; yet, upon the entreaties of his
sister and mother, he forgave him, and vouchsafed to pardon him
entirely; though he still had a suspicion of him afterward for this his
attempt.

10. But some time afterward, when Salome happened to quarrel with
Costobarus, she sent him a bill of divorce 12 and dissolved her marriage
with him, though this was not according to the Jewish laws; for with us
it is lawful for a husband to do so; but a wife; if she departs from her
husband, cannot of herself be married to another, unless her former
husband put her away. However, Salome chose to follow not the law of her
country, but the law of her authority, and so renounced her wedlock; and
told her brother Herod, that she left her husband out of her good-will
to him, because she perceived that he, with Antipater, and Lysimachus,
and Dositheus, were raising a sedition against him; as an evidence
whereof, she alleged the case of the sons of Babas, that they had been
by him preserved alive already for the interval of twelve years; which
proved to be true. But when Herod thus unexpectedly heard of it, he was
greatly surprised at it, and was the more surprised, because the
relation appeared incredible to him. As for the fact relating to these
sons of Babas, Herod had formerly taken great pains to bring them to
punishment, as being enemies to his government; but they were now
forgotten by him, on account of the length of time [since he had ordered
them to be slain]. Now the cause of his ill-will and hatred to them
arose hence, that while Antigonus was king, Herod, with his army,
besieged the city of Jerusalem, where the distress and miseries which
the besieged endured were so pressing, that the greater number of them
invited Herod into the city, and already placed their hopes on him. Now
the sons of Babas were of great dignity, and had power among the
multitude, and were faithful to Antigonus, and were always raising
calumnies against Herod, and encouraged the people to preserve the
government to that royal family which held it by inheritance. So these
men acted thus politically, and, as they thought, for their own
advantage; but when the city was taken, and Herod had gotten the
government into his hands, and Costobarus was appointed to hinder men
from passing out at the gates, and to guard the city, that those
citizens that were guilty, and of the party opposite to the king, might
not get out of it, Costobarus, being sensible that the sons of Babas
were had in respect and honor by the whole multitude, and supposing that
their preservation might be of great advantage to him in the changes of
government afterward, he set them by themselves, and concealed them in
his own farms; and when the thing was suspected, he assured Herod upon
oath that he really knew nothing of that matter, and so overcame the
suspicions that lay upon him; nay, after that, when the king had
publicly proposed a reward for the discovery, and had put in practice
all sorts of methods for searching out this matter, he would not confess
it; but being persuaded that when he had at first denied it, if the men
were found, he should not escape unpunished, he was forced to keep them
secret, not only out of his good-will to them, but out of a necessary
regard to his own preservation also. But when the king knew the thing,
by his sister's information, he sent men to the places where he had the
intimation they were concealed, and ordered both them, and those that
were accused as guilty with them, to be slain, insomuch that there were
now none at all left of the kindred of Hyrcanus, and the kingdom was
entirely in Herod's own power, and there was nobody remaining of such
dignity as could put a stop to what he did against the Jewish laws.