עקרב, Deut. viii, 15; 1 Kings xii, 11, 14; 2 Chron. x, 11, 14;
Ezek. ii, 6, σκορϖίος, Luke x, 19; xi, 12; Rev. ix, 3; Ecclus. xxvi, 7;
xxxix, 30. Parkhurst derives the name from עק, to _press_, _squeeze_,
and רב, _much_, _greatly_, or קרב, _near_, _close_. Calmet remarks, that
“it fixes so violently on such persons as it seizes upon, that it cannot
be plucked off without difficulty;” and Martinius declares: _Habent
scorpii forfices seu furcas tanquam brachia, quibus retinent quod
apprehendunt, postquam caudæ aculeo punxerunt_: “Scorpions have pincers
or nippers, with which they keep hold of what they seize after they have
wounded it with their sting.”
The scorpion, _el-akerb_, is generally two inches in length, and
resembles so much the lobster in form, that the latter is called by the
Arabs _akerb d’elbahar_, the “sea scorpion.” It has several joints or
divisions in its tail, which are supposed to be indicative of its age;
thus, if it have five, it is considered to be five years old. The poison
of this animal is in its tail, at the end of which is a small, curved,
sharp-pointed sting, similar to the prickle of a buckthorn tree; the
curve being downward, it turns its tail upward when it strikes a blow.
The scorpion delights in stony places and in old ruins. Some are of a
yellow colour, others brown, and some black. The yellow possess the
strongest poison, but the venom of each affects the part wounded, with
frigidity, which takes place soon after the sting has been inflicted.
Dioscorides thus describes the effect produced: “Where the scorpion has
stung, the place becomes inflamed and hardened; it reddens by tension,
and is painful by intervals, being now chilly, now burning. The pain
soon rises high, and rages, sometimes more, sometimes less. A sweating
succeeds, attended by a shivering and trembling; the extremities of the
body become cold; the groin swells; the hair stands on end; the visage
becomes pale; and the skin feels, throughout it, the sensation of
perpetual prickling, as if by needles.” This description strikingly
illustrates Revelation ix, 3–5, 10, in its mention of “the torment of a
scorpion, when he striketh a man.”
Some writers consider the scorpion as a species of serpent, because the
poison of it is equally powerful: so the sacred writers commonly join
the scorpion and serpent together in their descriptions. Thus Moses, in
his farewell address to Israel, Deut. viii, 15, reminds them, that God
“led them through the great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery
serpents and scorpions.” We find them again united in the commission of
our Lord to his disciples, Luke x, 19, “I give you power to tread upon
serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy;” and in his
directions concerning the duty of prayer, Luke xi, 11, 12, “If a son
shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he give him a
stone? or if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion?”
The scorpion is contrasted with an _egg_, on account of the oval shape
of its body. The body of the scorpion, says Lamy, is very like an egg,
as its head can scarcely be distinguished; especially if it be a
scorpion of the white kind, which is the first species mentioned by
Ælian, Avicenna, and others. Bochart has produced testimonies to prove
that the scorpions in Judea were about the bigness of an egg. So the
similitude is preserved between the thing asked and given. The Greeks
have a proverb, ἀντὶ ϖέρκης σκορπίον, _instead of a perch_, or fish, _a
scorpion_.
SCOURGE or WHIP. This punishment was very common among the Jews, Deut.
xxv, 1–3. There were two ways of giving the lash; one with thongs, or
whips, made of ropes’ ends, or straps of leather; the other with rods,
or twigs. St. Paul informs us, that at five different times he received
thirty-nine stripes from the Jews, 2 Cor. xi, 24, namely, in their
synagogues, and before their courts of judgment. For, according to the
law, punishment by stripes was restricted to forty at one beating, Deut.
xxv, 3. But the whip, with which these stripes were given, consisting of
three separate cords, and each stroke being accounted as three stripes,
thirteen strokes made thirty-nine stripes, beyond which they never went.
He adds, that he had been thrice beaten with rods, namely, by the Roman
lictors, or beadles, at the command of the superior magistrates.
Ezek. ii, 6, σκορϖίος, Luke x, 19; xi, 12; Rev. ix, 3; Ecclus. xxvi, 7;
xxxix, 30. Parkhurst derives the name from עק, to _press_, _squeeze_,
and רב, _much_, _greatly_, or קרב, _near_, _close_. Calmet remarks, that
“it fixes so violently on such persons as it seizes upon, that it cannot
be plucked off without difficulty;” and Martinius declares: _Habent
scorpii forfices seu furcas tanquam brachia, quibus retinent quod
apprehendunt, postquam caudæ aculeo punxerunt_: “Scorpions have pincers
or nippers, with which they keep hold of what they seize after they have
wounded it with their sting.”
The scorpion, _el-akerb_, is generally two inches in length, and
resembles so much the lobster in form, that the latter is called by the
Arabs _akerb d’elbahar_, the “sea scorpion.” It has several joints or
divisions in its tail, which are supposed to be indicative of its age;
thus, if it have five, it is considered to be five years old. The poison
of this animal is in its tail, at the end of which is a small, curved,
sharp-pointed sting, similar to the prickle of a buckthorn tree; the
curve being downward, it turns its tail upward when it strikes a blow.
The scorpion delights in stony places and in old ruins. Some are of a
yellow colour, others brown, and some black. The yellow possess the
strongest poison, but the venom of each affects the part wounded, with
frigidity, which takes place soon after the sting has been inflicted.
Dioscorides thus describes the effect produced: “Where the scorpion has
stung, the place becomes inflamed and hardened; it reddens by tension,
and is painful by intervals, being now chilly, now burning. The pain
soon rises high, and rages, sometimes more, sometimes less. A sweating
succeeds, attended by a shivering and trembling; the extremities of the
body become cold; the groin swells; the hair stands on end; the visage
becomes pale; and the skin feels, throughout it, the sensation of
perpetual prickling, as if by needles.” This description strikingly
illustrates Revelation ix, 3–5, 10, in its mention of “the torment of a
scorpion, when he striketh a man.”
Some writers consider the scorpion as a species of serpent, because the
poison of it is equally powerful: so the sacred writers commonly join
the scorpion and serpent together in their descriptions. Thus Moses, in
his farewell address to Israel, Deut. viii, 15, reminds them, that God
“led them through the great and terrible wilderness, wherein were fiery
serpents and scorpions.” We find them again united in the commission of
our Lord to his disciples, Luke x, 19, “I give you power to tread upon
serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy;” and in his
directions concerning the duty of prayer, Luke xi, 11, 12, “If a son
shall ask bread of any of you that is a father, will he give him a
stone? or if he shall ask an egg, will he offer him a scorpion?”
The scorpion is contrasted with an _egg_, on account of the oval shape
of its body. The body of the scorpion, says Lamy, is very like an egg,
as its head can scarcely be distinguished; especially if it be a
scorpion of the white kind, which is the first species mentioned by
Ælian, Avicenna, and others. Bochart has produced testimonies to prove
that the scorpions in Judea were about the bigness of an egg. So the
similitude is preserved between the thing asked and given. The Greeks
have a proverb, ἀντὶ ϖέρκης σκορπίον, _instead of a perch_, or fish, _a
scorpion_.
SCOURGE or WHIP. This punishment was very common among the Jews, Deut.
xxv, 1–3. There were two ways of giving the lash; one with thongs, or
whips, made of ropes’ ends, or straps of leather; the other with rods,
or twigs. St. Paul informs us, that at five different times he received
thirty-nine stripes from the Jews, 2 Cor. xi, 24, namely, in their
synagogues, and before their courts of judgment. For, according to the
law, punishment by stripes was restricted to forty at one beating, Deut.
xxv, 3. But the whip, with which these stripes were given, consisting of
three separate cords, and each stroke being accounted as three stripes,
thirteen strokes made thirty-nine stripes, beyond which they never went.
He adds, that he had been thrice beaten with rods, namely, by the Roman
lictors, or beadles, at the command of the superior magistrates.