This capital of the Assyrian empire could boast of the remotest
antiquity. Tacitus styles it, _Vetustissima sedes Assyriæ_;” [the most
ancient seat of Assyria;] and Scripture informs us that Nimrod, after he
had built Babel, in the land of Shinar, invaded Assyria, where he built
Nineveh, and several other cities, Genesis x, 11. Its name denotes the
habitation of Nin,” which seems to have been the proper name of that
rebel,” as Nimrod signifies. And it is uniformly styled by Herodotus,
Xenophon, Diodorus, Lucian, &c, Ἡ Νίνος, the city of Ninus.” And the
village of Nunia, opposite Mosul, in its name, and the tradition of the
natives, ascertains the site of the ancient city, which was near the
castle of Arbela, according to Tacitus, so celebrated for the decisive
victory of Alexander the Great over the Persians there; the site of
which is ascertained by the village of Arbil, about ten German miles to
the east of Nunia, according to Niebuhr’s map. Nineveh at first seems
only to have been a small city, and less than Resen, in its
neighbourhood; which is conjectured by Bochart, and not without reason,
to have been the same as Larissa, which Xenophon describes as the ruins
of a great city, formerly inhabited by the Medes,” and which the natives
might have described as belonging _la Resen_, to Resen.” Nineveh did not
rise to greatness for many ages after, until its second founder, Ninus
II., about B. C. 1230, enlarged and made it the greatest city in the
world. According to Diodorus, it was of an oblong form, a hundred and
fifty stadia long, and ninety broad, and, consequently, four hundred and
eighty in circuit, or forty-eight miles, reckoning ten stadia to an
English mile, with Major Rennel. And its walls were a hundred feet high,
and so broad that three chariots could drive on them abreast; and on the
walls were fifteen hundred towers, each two hundred feet high. We are
not, however, to imagine that all this vast enclosure was built upon: it
contained great parks and extensive fields, and detached houses and
buildings, like Babylon, and other great cities of the east even at the
present day, as Bussorah, &c. And this entirely corresponds with the
representations of Scripture. In the days of the Prophet Jonah, about B.
C. 800, it seems to have been a “great city, an exceeding great city, of
three days’ journey,” Jonah i, 2; iii, 3; perhaps in circuit. The
population of Nineveh, also, at that time was very great. It contained
more than sixscore thousand persons that could not discern between their
right hand and their left, beside much cattle,” Jonah iv, 11. Reckoning
the persons to have been infants of two years old and under, and that
these were a fifth part of the whole, according to Bochart, the whole
population would amount to six hundred thousand souls. The same number
Pliny assigns for the population of Seleucia, on the decline of Babylon.
This population shows that a great part of the city must have been left
open and unbuilt.
The threatened overthrow of Nineveh within three days, was, by the
general repentance and humiliation of the inhabitants, from the highest
to the lowest, suspended for near two hundred years, until their
iniquity came to the full;” and then the prophecy was literally
accomplished, in the third year of the siege of the city, by the
combined Medes and Babylonians; the king, Sardanapalus, being encouraged
to hold out in consequence of an ancient prophecy, that Nineveh should
never be taken by assault, till the river became its enemy; when a
mighty inundation of the river, swollen by continual rains, came up
against a part of the city, and threw down twenty stadia of the wall in
length; upon which, the king, conceiving that the oracle was
accomplished, burned himself, his concubines, eunuchs, and treasures;
and the enemy, entering by the breach, sacked and rased the city, about
B. C. 606. Diodorus, also, relates that Belesis, the governor of
Babylon, obtained from Arbaces, the king of Media, the ashes of the
palace, to erect a mount with them near the temple of Belus at Babylon;
and that he forthwith prepared shipping, and, together with the ashes,
carried away most of the gold and silver, of which he had private
information given him by one of the eunuchs who escaped the fire. Dr.
Gillies thinks it incredible that these could be transported from
Nineveh to Babylon, three hundred miles distant; but likely enough, if
Nineveh was only fifty miles from Babylon, with a large canal of
communication between them, the Nahar Malka, or Royal River. But we
learn from Niebuhr, that the conveyance of goods from Nosul to Bagdat by
the Tigris is very commodious, in the very large boats called _helleks_;
in which, in spring, when the river is rapid, the voyage may be made in
three or four days, which would take fifteen by land. The complete
demolition of such immense piles as the walls and towers of Nineveh may
seem matter of surprise to those who do not consider the nature of the
materials of which they were constructed, that is, of bricks, dried or
baked in the sun, and cemented with bitumen, which were apt to be
dissolved” by water, or to moulder away by the injuries of the weather.
Beside, in the east, the materials of ancient cities have been often
employed in the building of new ones in the neighbourhood. Thus Mosul
was built with the spoils of Nineveh. Tauk Kesra, or the Palace of
Chosroes, appears to have been built of bricks brought from the ruins of
Babylon; and so was Hellah, as the dimensions are nearly the same, and
the proportions so singular. And when such materials could conveniently
be transported by inland navigations, they are to be found at very great
distances from their ancient place, much farther, indeed, than are
Bagdat and Seleucia, or Ctesiphon, from Babylon.
The book of Nahum was avowedly prophetic of the destruction of Nineveh;
and it is there foretold that the gates of the river shall be opened,
and the palace shall be dissolved. Nineveh of old, like a pool of water,
with an overflowing flood he will make an utter end of the place
thereof,” Nahum ii, 6; i, 8, 9. The historian describes the facts by
which the other predictions of the prophet were as literally fulfilled.
He relates that the king of Assyria, elated with his former victories,
and ignorant of the revolt of the Bactrians, had abandoned himself to
scandalous inaction; had appointed a time of festivity, and supplied his
soldiers with abundance of wine; and that the general of the enemy,
apprised by deserters, of their negligence and drunkenness, attacked the
Assyrian army while the whole of them were fearlessly giving way to
indulgence, destroyed great part of them, and drove the rest into the
city. The words of the prophet were hereby verified: While they be
folden together as thorns, and while they are drunken as drunkards, they
shall be devoured as stubble fully dry,” Nahum i, 10. The prophet
promised much spoil to the enemy: Take the spoil of silver, take the
spoil of gold; for there is no end of the store and glory out of all the
pleasant furniture,” Nahum ii, 9. And the historian affirms that many
talents of gold and silver, preserved from the fire, were carried to
Ecbatana. According to Nahum, iii, 15, the city was not only to be
destroyed by an overflowing flood, but the fire, also, was to devour it;
and, as Diodorus relates, partly by water, partly by fire, it was
destroyed.
The utter and perpetual destruction and desolation of Nineveh were
foretold: The Lord will make an utter end of the place thereof.
Affliction shall not rise up the second time. She is empty, void, and
waste,” Nahum i, 8, 9; ii, 10; iii, 17–19. The Lord will stretch out his
hand against the north, and destroy Assyria, and will make Nineveh a
desolation, and dry like a wilderness. How is she become a desolation, a
place for beasts to lie down in,” Zeph. ii, 13–15. In the second
century, Lucian, a native of a city on the banks of the Euphrates,
testified that Nineveh was utterly perished, that there was no vestige
of it remaining, and that none could tell where once it was situated.
This testimony of Lucian, and the lapse of many ages during which the
place was not known where it stood, render it at least somewhat doubtful
whether the remains of an ancient city, opposite to Mosul, which have
been described as such by travellers, be indeed those of ancient
Nineveh. It is, perhaps, probable that they are the remains of the city
which succeeded Nineveh, or of a Persian city of the same name, which
was built on the banks of the Tigris by the Persians subsequently to A.
D. 230, and demolished by the Saracens, A. D. 632. In contrasting the
then existing great and increasing population, and the accumulating
wealth of the proud inhabitants of the mighty Nineveh, with the utter
ruin that awaited it, the word of God by the Prophet Nahum, was, Make
thyself many as the canker worm, make thyself many as the locusts. Thou
hast multiplied thy merchants above the stars of heaven: the canker worm
spoileth and flieth away. Thy crowned are as the locusts, and thy
captains as the great grasshoppers which camp in the hedges in the cold
day: but when the sun riseth, they flee away; and their place is not
known where they are,” or were. Whether these words imply that even the
site of Nineveh would in future ages be uncertain or unknown; or, as
they rather seem to intimate, that every vestige of the palaces of its
monarchs, of the greatness of its nobles, and of the wealth of its
numerous merchants, would wholly disappear; the truth of the prediction
cannot be invalidated under either interpretation. The avowed ignorance
respecting Nineveh, and the oblivion which passed over it, for many an
age, conjoined with the meagreness of evidence to identify it, still
prove that the place where it stood was long unknown, and that, even
now, it can scarcely with certainty be determined. And if the only spot
that bears its name, or that can be said to be the place where it was,
be indeed the site of one of the most extensive of cities on which the
sun ever shone, and which continued for many centuries to be the capital
of Assyria,--the principal mounds, few in number, which show neither
bricks, stones, nor other materials of building,--but are in many places
overgrown with grass, and resemble the mounds left by intrenchments and
fortifications of ancient Roman camps, and the appearances of other
mounds and ruins less marked than even these, extending for ten miles,
and widely spread, and seeming to be the wreck of former
buildings,--show that Nineveh is left without one monument of royalty,
without any token whatever of its splendour or wealth; that their place
is not known where they were; and that it is indeed a desolation, empty,
void, and waste,” its very ruins perished, and less than the wreck of
what it was. Such an utter ruin, in every view, has been made of it; and
such is the truth of the divine predictions!
antiquity. Tacitus styles it, _Vetustissima sedes Assyriæ_;” [the most
ancient seat of Assyria;] and Scripture informs us that Nimrod, after he
had built Babel, in the land of Shinar, invaded Assyria, where he built
Nineveh, and several other cities, Genesis x, 11. Its name denotes the
habitation of Nin,” which seems to have been the proper name of that
rebel,” as Nimrod signifies. And it is uniformly styled by Herodotus,
Xenophon, Diodorus, Lucian, &c, Ἡ Νίνος, the city of Ninus.” And the
village of Nunia, opposite Mosul, in its name, and the tradition of the
natives, ascertains the site of the ancient city, which was near the
castle of Arbela, according to Tacitus, so celebrated for the decisive
victory of Alexander the Great over the Persians there; the site of
which is ascertained by the village of Arbil, about ten German miles to
the east of Nunia, according to Niebuhr’s map. Nineveh at first seems
only to have been a small city, and less than Resen, in its
neighbourhood; which is conjectured by Bochart, and not without reason,
to have been the same as Larissa, which Xenophon describes as the ruins
of a great city, formerly inhabited by the Medes,” and which the natives
might have described as belonging _la Resen_, to Resen.” Nineveh did not
rise to greatness for many ages after, until its second founder, Ninus
II., about B. C. 1230, enlarged and made it the greatest city in the
world. According to Diodorus, it was of an oblong form, a hundred and
fifty stadia long, and ninety broad, and, consequently, four hundred and
eighty in circuit, or forty-eight miles, reckoning ten stadia to an
English mile, with Major Rennel. And its walls were a hundred feet high,
and so broad that three chariots could drive on them abreast; and on the
walls were fifteen hundred towers, each two hundred feet high. We are
not, however, to imagine that all this vast enclosure was built upon: it
contained great parks and extensive fields, and detached houses and
buildings, like Babylon, and other great cities of the east even at the
present day, as Bussorah, &c. And this entirely corresponds with the
representations of Scripture. In the days of the Prophet Jonah, about B.
C. 800, it seems to have been a “great city, an exceeding great city, of
three days’ journey,” Jonah i, 2; iii, 3; perhaps in circuit. The
population of Nineveh, also, at that time was very great. It contained
more than sixscore thousand persons that could not discern between their
right hand and their left, beside much cattle,” Jonah iv, 11. Reckoning
the persons to have been infants of two years old and under, and that
these were a fifth part of the whole, according to Bochart, the whole
population would amount to six hundred thousand souls. The same number
Pliny assigns for the population of Seleucia, on the decline of Babylon.
This population shows that a great part of the city must have been left
open and unbuilt.
The threatened overthrow of Nineveh within three days, was, by the
general repentance and humiliation of the inhabitants, from the highest
to the lowest, suspended for near two hundred years, until their
iniquity came to the full;” and then the prophecy was literally
accomplished, in the third year of the siege of the city, by the
combined Medes and Babylonians; the king, Sardanapalus, being encouraged
to hold out in consequence of an ancient prophecy, that Nineveh should
never be taken by assault, till the river became its enemy; when a
mighty inundation of the river, swollen by continual rains, came up
against a part of the city, and threw down twenty stadia of the wall in
length; upon which, the king, conceiving that the oracle was
accomplished, burned himself, his concubines, eunuchs, and treasures;
and the enemy, entering by the breach, sacked and rased the city, about
B. C. 606. Diodorus, also, relates that Belesis, the governor of
Babylon, obtained from Arbaces, the king of Media, the ashes of the
palace, to erect a mount with them near the temple of Belus at Babylon;
and that he forthwith prepared shipping, and, together with the ashes,
carried away most of the gold and silver, of which he had private
information given him by one of the eunuchs who escaped the fire. Dr.
Gillies thinks it incredible that these could be transported from
Nineveh to Babylon, three hundred miles distant; but likely enough, if
Nineveh was only fifty miles from Babylon, with a large canal of
communication between them, the Nahar Malka, or Royal River. But we
learn from Niebuhr, that the conveyance of goods from Nosul to Bagdat by
the Tigris is very commodious, in the very large boats called _helleks_;
in which, in spring, when the river is rapid, the voyage may be made in
three or four days, which would take fifteen by land. The complete
demolition of such immense piles as the walls and towers of Nineveh may
seem matter of surprise to those who do not consider the nature of the
materials of which they were constructed, that is, of bricks, dried or
baked in the sun, and cemented with bitumen, which were apt to be
dissolved” by water, or to moulder away by the injuries of the weather.
Beside, in the east, the materials of ancient cities have been often
employed in the building of new ones in the neighbourhood. Thus Mosul
was built with the spoils of Nineveh. Tauk Kesra, or the Palace of
Chosroes, appears to have been built of bricks brought from the ruins of
Babylon; and so was Hellah, as the dimensions are nearly the same, and
the proportions so singular. And when such materials could conveniently
be transported by inland navigations, they are to be found at very great
distances from their ancient place, much farther, indeed, than are
Bagdat and Seleucia, or Ctesiphon, from Babylon.
The book of Nahum was avowedly prophetic of the destruction of Nineveh;
and it is there foretold that the gates of the river shall be opened,
and the palace shall be dissolved. Nineveh of old, like a pool of water,
with an overflowing flood he will make an utter end of the place
thereof,” Nahum ii, 6; i, 8, 9. The historian describes the facts by
which the other predictions of the prophet were as literally fulfilled.
He relates that the king of Assyria, elated with his former victories,
and ignorant of the revolt of the Bactrians, had abandoned himself to
scandalous inaction; had appointed a time of festivity, and supplied his
soldiers with abundance of wine; and that the general of the enemy,
apprised by deserters, of their negligence and drunkenness, attacked the
Assyrian army while the whole of them were fearlessly giving way to
indulgence, destroyed great part of them, and drove the rest into the
city. The words of the prophet were hereby verified: While they be
folden together as thorns, and while they are drunken as drunkards, they
shall be devoured as stubble fully dry,” Nahum i, 10. The prophet
promised much spoil to the enemy: Take the spoil of silver, take the
spoil of gold; for there is no end of the store and glory out of all the
pleasant furniture,” Nahum ii, 9. And the historian affirms that many
talents of gold and silver, preserved from the fire, were carried to
Ecbatana. According to Nahum, iii, 15, the city was not only to be
destroyed by an overflowing flood, but the fire, also, was to devour it;
and, as Diodorus relates, partly by water, partly by fire, it was
destroyed.
The utter and perpetual destruction and desolation of Nineveh were
foretold: The Lord will make an utter end of the place thereof.
Affliction shall not rise up the second time. She is empty, void, and
waste,” Nahum i, 8, 9; ii, 10; iii, 17–19. The Lord will stretch out his
hand against the north, and destroy Assyria, and will make Nineveh a
desolation, and dry like a wilderness. How is she become a desolation, a
place for beasts to lie down in,” Zeph. ii, 13–15. In the second
century, Lucian, a native of a city on the banks of the Euphrates,
testified that Nineveh was utterly perished, that there was no vestige
of it remaining, and that none could tell where once it was situated.
This testimony of Lucian, and the lapse of many ages during which the
place was not known where it stood, render it at least somewhat doubtful
whether the remains of an ancient city, opposite to Mosul, which have
been described as such by travellers, be indeed those of ancient
Nineveh. It is, perhaps, probable that they are the remains of the city
which succeeded Nineveh, or of a Persian city of the same name, which
was built on the banks of the Tigris by the Persians subsequently to A.
D. 230, and demolished by the Saracens, A. D. 632. In contrasting the
then existing great and increasing population, and the accumulating
wealth of the proud inhabitants of the mighty Nineveh, with the utter
ruin that awaited it, the word of God by the Prophet Nahum, was, Make
thyself many as the canker worm, make thyself many as the locusts. Thou
hast multiplied thy merchants above the stars of heaven: the canker worm
spoileth and flieth away. Thy crowned are as the locusts, and thy
captains as the great grasshoppers which camp in the hedges in the cold
day: but when the sun riseth, they flee away; and their place is not
known where they are,” or were. Whether these words imply that even the
site of Nineveh would in future ages be uncertain or unknown; or, as
they rather seem to intimate, that every vestige of the palaces of its
monarchs, of the greatness of its nobles, and of the wealth of its
numerous merchants, would wholly disappear; the truth of the prediction
cannot be invalidated under either interpretation. The avowed ignorance
respecting Nineveh, and the oblivion which passed over it, for many an
age, conjoined with the meagreness of evidence to identify it, still
prove that the place where it stood was long unknown, and that, even
now, it can scarcely with certainty be determined. And if the only spot
that bears its name, or that can be said to be the place where it was,
be indeed the site of one of the most extensive of cities on which the
sun ever shone, and which continued for many centuries to be the capital
of Assyria,--the principal mounds, few in number, which show neither
bricks, stones, nor other materials of building,--but are in many places
overgrown with grass, and resemble the mounds left by intrenchments and
fortifications of ancient Roman camps, and the appearances of other
mounds and ruins less marked than even these, extending for ten miles,
and widely spread, and seeming to be the wreck of former
buildings,--show that Nineveh is left without one monument of royalty,
without any token whatever of its splendour or wealth; that their place
is not known where they were; and that it is indeed a desolation, empty,
void, and waste,” its very ruins perished, and less than the wreck of
what it was. Such an utter ruin, in every view, has been made of it; and
such is the truth of the divine predictions!